Allogeneic
Cells or tissues derived from a donor.
Autologous
A patient’s own cells or tissue.
Bone marrow
In adults, bone marrow is primarily found inside the hip and breast bones and serves as part of the body’s hematopoietic and immune systems. Bone marrow houses a number of adult stem and progenitor cells, including hematopoietic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells and endothelial progenitor cells.
Cell-based therapies
Treatment where stem cells are induced to differentiate into the specific cell type required to repair damaged or destroyed cells or tissues.
Cell culture
Growth of cells in vitro (outside of the body) in an artificial medium for research.
Clinical translation
The process where basic scientific research becomes medical therapy.
Clinical trial
Tests on human subjects designed to evaluate the safety and/or effectiveness of new medical treatments.
Cryopreservation
The use of very low temperatures to preserve structurally intact living cells and tissues.
Differentiation
The process where an unspecialized stem cell acquires features of a specialized cell such as a brain, blood or lung cell. Differentiation is controlled by the interaction of a cell’s genes and proteins with the microenvironment outside the cell.
Exosomes
Nanovesicles, between 50-150 nm in size, characterized by endocytic origin. Exosomes contain a subset of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids that have important roles in local and systemic intercellular communication.
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)
Adult stem cells found in bone marrow and blood. HSCs are capable of producing cells that make up the blood and the immune system.
Hematopoiesis
The process where immune and other blood cells are produced from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in the bone marrow (BM).
Heterochronic
Referring to two objects, such as cells or organisms, of a different age, typically young and aged.
Humanized Mouse
A humanized mouse is a mouse carrying functioning human genes, cells, tissues, and/or organs. Mice that are engineered to lack a functioning immune system, termed immunodeficient mice, are often used as recipients for human cells or tissues, because they can relatively easily accept human cells due to lack of host immunity.
Immune system
Your immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend against germs. It helps your body to recognize these “foreign” invaders. Then its job is to keep them out, or if it can’t, to find and destroy them.
Isochronic
Referring to two objects, such as cells or organisms, of a common age.
Inclusion criteria/Exclusion criteria
Characteristics that young donors or aged patients must have if they are to be included in the Rejenevie™ treatment, while exclusion criteria are those characteristics that disqualify young donors or aged patients from inclusion in the Rejenevie™ treatment.
Infusion
The administration of fluid and medication via intravenous or subcutaneous application. The Rejenevie™ immune restoration therapy utilizes an intravenous infusion to deliver a patient back their own restored immune cells.
Leukapheresis
The procedure in which white blood cells are separated from a sample of blood.
MicroRNAs
A small non-coding RNA molecule (containing about 22 nucleotides) found in plants, animals and some viruses, that functions in RNA silencing and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression.
Parabiosis
Parabiosis is a class of techniques where two living organisms are surgically joined together to develop a single, shared physiological system, such as a shared circulatory system.
Plasma
Plasma is the liquid portion of blood that remains after red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and other cellular components are removed. It contains water, salts, enzymes, antibodies and other proteins.
Progenitor cells
An intermediate cell type between stem cells and differentiated cells. Progenitor cells have the potential to give rise to a limited number or type of specialized cells and have a reduced capacity for self-renewal. Also called precursor cells.
Regenerative Medicine
An interdisciplinary branch of medicine with the goal of replacing, regenerating or repairing damaged tissue to restore normal function. Regenerative treatments include cellular therapy, gene therapy and tissue engineering approaches.
Restoration
A Rejenevie™ treatment process where aged blood stem cells are placed in a Transwell culture with young blood stem cells that results in the repair and rejuvenation of aged cells by factors from the young cells.
Senescence
The process where cells irreversibly stop dividing and enter a state of permanent growth arrest without undergoing cell death. Senescent cells are sometimes referred to as ‘zombies’ because they release factors that can convert normal healthy cells to senescent cells. This process is thought to be one of the main drivers of aging.
Stem cells
Cells that have both the capacity to self-renew (make more stem cells by cell division) and to differentiate into mature, specialized cells.
Stem Cell Exhaustion
The process where our stem cells eventually lose their ability to divide, with age. We are unable to replace the stem cells that have migrated, differentiated, or died. As a result, there is a reduction in cellular and tissue function.
Transwell
An insert with a membrane filter used to co-culture cells outside of the body.
Sources:
Akashi, D. Traver, T. Miyamoto, I.L. Weissman, A clonogenic common myeloid progenitor that gives rise to all myeloid lineages, Nature, 404 (2000) 193-197.
McCay et al., Gerontologia 1957
Ambros V (September 2004). “The functions of animal microRNAs”. Nature. 431 (7006): 350–5.
Birbrair, Alexander; Frenette, Paul S (2016-03-01). “Niche heterogeneity in the bone marrow”. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1370 (1): 82 96.
Pope et al., J Chronic Dis 1956.
Conboy et al. Aging Cell 2011.